Ilokano Language

Ilokano language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
Description of the Ilokano Language, including history, grammar and sample texts. ... Ilokano is the native language of most of the original Filipino immigrants in ...
en.wikipedia.org

Ilocano (Ilokano) Language
Features a map of the region where it's spoken. Also includes songs, children's picture dictionary, and proverbs.
iloko.tripod.com

Talk:Ilokano language - Wikipedia, the free encyclopedia
This page is about the Ilokano language and should deal with that. ... And Ilokano is his native language. In his work he writes: ...
en.wikipedia.org

Ilokano language - Open Encyclopedia
Ilokano language. From open-encyclopedia.com - the free encyclopedia. ... also Iloko and Ilokano, refers to the language and culture associated with ...
open-encyclopedia.com

Tawid News Magasin - THE ILOKANO LANGUAGE: HISTORY, CULTURE AND ...
Tawid News Magasin - Your source of Ilokano news and literature. ... to the revitalization, renewal, and modernization of the Ilokano language ...
www.tawidnewsmag.com

Learn Ilokano - Ilokano Books, Courses, and Software
Ilokano books, courses, and software and other products to help you learn Ilokano. ... to make the link between spoken language and the various genres of the media. ...
www.101language.com

Study of Ilokano Learners' Lexical Inferencing Procedures Through Think ...
Presents a study on the effects of a primary language (Ilocano) on the learning of a second language.
www.hawaii.edu

Ilokano - Wiktionary
Ilokano. a language spoken in the Philippines, particularly in the northern provinces of ... and used in the language. speakers of the Ilokano language ...
en.wiktionary.org

Ilokano-Amianan Studies: Modernization of Ilokano
(This work is part of a larger work on Ilokano language, literature, and culture. ... lively and dynamic exchange of ideas on the Ilokano language at this time. ...
ilokano-amianan.blogspot.com

Ilokano Language
Ilokano is the chief regional language of northern Luzon in the Philippines ... As an Austronesian language, Ilokano is closely related to other Philippine ...
www2.hawaii.edu




Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: Permission denied in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12

Warning: mkdir() [function.mkdir]: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 12

Warning: fopen(/home/templatecore2cache//*cluesnet.com/11/11966a592eb19be8ae1aaf673c3f1f98c7b7d3d9.tc2cache) [function.fopen]: failed to open stream: No such file or directory in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 130

Warning: fwrite(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 131

Warning: fclose(): supplied argument is not a valid stream resource in /home/webs/affiliatelib2/CacheManager.php on line 132



{{language|name=Ilokano|familycolor=Austronesian|states=Philippines|speakers=7.7 million, 2.3 million 2nd language = 10 million total|rank=70|fam2=[Malayo-Polynesian languages|fam3=Borneo-Philippines languages|fam4=Northern Philippine languages|fam5=Northern Luzon languages|script=Latin alphabet (Filipino orthography);
Historically written in Baybayin]
(Commission on the Filipino Language)|iso2=ilo|iso3=ilo--> To view the Ilokano edition of this Wikipedia article, select from the in other languages section, to the side of this page. Ilokano (variants: Ilocano, Iluko, Iloco, and Iloko) is the third most-spoken language of the Republic of the Philippines.

Being an Austronesian languages, it is related to such languages as Indonesian language, Malay language, Fijian language, Māori language (of New Zealand), Hawaiian language, Malagasy language (of Madagascar), Samoan language, Tahitian language, Chamorro language (of Guam and the Northern Mariana Islands), Tetum (of East Timor), and Paiwan language (of Taiwan).

History Ilokanos are descendants of Austronesian languages-speaking people from southern People's Republic of China via Taiwan. Families and clans arrived by viray or bilog, meaning boat. The term Ilokano originated from i-, meaning "from", and looc, meaning "cove or bay", thus "people of the bay." Ilokanos also refer to themselves as Samtoy, a contraction from the Ilokano phrase saö mi ditoy, meaning "our language here".

Classification Ilokano comprises its own branch in the Philippine Cordilleran family of languages. It is spoken as a native language by eight million people.

A lingua franca of the northern region, it is spoken as a secondary language by more than two million people who are native speakers of Pangasinan language, Ibanag language, Ivatan language, and other languages in Northern Luzon.

Geographic distribution Ilokanos occupy the narrow, barren strip of land in the northwestern tip of Luzon, squeezed in between the inhospitable Cordillera mountain range to the east and the South China Sea to the west. This harsh geography molded a people known for their clannishness, tenacious industry and frugality, traits that were vital for survival. It also induced Ilokanos to become a migratory people, always in search for better opportunities and for land to build a life on. Although their homeland constitutes the provinces of Ilocos Norte, Ilocos Sur, La Union province and Abra province, their population has spread east and south of their original territorial borders.

Ilokano pioneers flocked to the more fertile Cagayan Valley, Apayao mountains and the Pangasinan plains during the 18th and 19th centuries and now constitute a majority in many of these areas. In the 20th century, many Ilokano families moved to Metro Manila and further south to Mindanao. They became the first Filipino ethnic group to immigrate en masse to North America (the so-called Manong generation), forming sizable communities in the American states of Hawaii, California, Washington and Alaska. Ilokano is the native language of most of the original Filipino immigrants in the United States, but Tagalog is used by more Filipino-Americans because it is the national language of the people of the Philippines.

A large, growing number of Ilokanos can also be found in the Middle East, Hong Kong, Japan, Singapore, Canada and Europe.

Writing system

Pre-Colonial Pre-colonial Ilokanos of all classes wrote in a syllabic system prior to European arrival. They used a system that is termed as an abugida, or an alphasyllabary. It was similar to the Tagalog language and Pangasinan language scripts, where each character represented a consonant-vowel, or CV, sequence. The Ilokano version, however, was the first to designate coda consonants with a diacritic mark - a cross virama, shown in the Doctrina Cristiana of 1621, one of the earliest surviving Ilokano publications. Before the addition of the virama, writers had no way to designate coda consonants. The reader, on the other hand, had to guess whether the vowel was read or not.

Modern In recent times, there have been two systems in use: The "Spanish" system and the "Tagalog" system. In the Spanish system words of Spanish origin kept their spellings. Native words, on the other hand, conformed to the Spanish rules of spelling. Nowadays, only the older generation of Ilokanos use the Spanish system.

The system based on that of Tagalog is more phonetic. In this system each letter receives one phonetic value, and better reflects the actual pronunciation of the word.The reverse is true for the vowel // where it has two representations in native words. The vowel // is written o when it appears in the last syllable of the word or of the root, for example kitaemonto /ki.ta.e.mun.tu/. In addition, e represents two vowels in the southern dialect: and . The letters ng, however, constitute a digraph and follows the letter n in alphabetization. As a result, numo humility appears before ngalngal to chew in newer dictionaries. Words of foreign origin, most notably those from Spanish, need to be changed in spelling to better reflect Ilokano phonology. The weekly magazine Bannawag is known to use this system.

Samples of the Two System Here are two versions of the Lord's Prayer. The one in the left represents the Spanish orthography while the one on the right represents the Tagalog System

Amami, ñga addaca sadi lañgit, Madaydayao coma ti Naganmo. Umay cuma ti pagariam. Maaramid cuma ti pagayatam Cas sadi lañgit casta met ditoy daga. Itedmo cadacam ita ti taraonmi iti inaldao. Quet pacaoanennacami cadaguiti ut-utangmi, A cas met panamacaoanmi Cadaguiti nacautang cadacami. Quet dinacam iyeg iti pannacasulisog, No di quet isalacannacami iti daques.

Amami, nga addaka sadi langit, Madaydayaw kuma ti Naganmo. Umay kuma ti pagariam. Maaramid kuma ti pagayatam Kas sadi langit kasta met ditoy daga. Itedmo kadakam ita ti taraonmi iti inaldaw. Ket pakawanennakami kadagiti ut-utangmi, A kas met panamakawanmi Kadagiti nakautang kadakami. Ket dinakam iyeg iti pannakasulisog, No di ket isalacannacami iti dakes.

Ilokano and Education Literature Ilokano animistic past offers a rich background in folklore, mythology and superstition (see Religion in the Philippines). There are many stories of good and malevolent spirits and beings. Its creation mythology centers on the giants Aran and her husband Angngalo, and Namarsua (the Creator).

The epic story Biag ni Lam-ang (The Life of Lam-ang) is undoubtedly one of the few indigenous stories from the Philippines that survived colonialism, although much of it is now acculturated and shows many foreign elements in the retelling. It reflects values important to traditional Ilokano society; it is a hero’s journey steeped in courage, loyalty, pragmatism, honor, and ancestral and familial bonds.

Ilokano culture revolves around life rituals, festivities and oral history. These were celebrated in songs (kankanta), dances (sala), poems (daniw), riddles (murmurtia), proverbs (pagsasao), literary verbal jousts called bucanegan (named after the writer Pedro Bucaneg, and is the equivalent of the Balagtasan of the Tagalog peoples) and epic stories.

Phonology Segemental Vowels Modern Ilokano has two dialects, which are differenciated only by the way the letter e is pronounced. In the Amianan (Northern) Dialect, there exist only five vowels while the Abagatan (Southern) Dialect employs six.

The letter in bold is the graphic (written) representation of the vowel.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" width="75%"|+caption | Ilokano Vowel Chart!Height||Front||Central||Back|-|Close|i //||e //, u/o //|-|Mid|e //||o //|-|Open||a //||}

For a better rendition of vowel distribution, please refer to the International Phonetic Alphabet#vowels.

Although the modern (Tagalog) writing system is largely phonetic, there are some notable conventions.

In native morphemes, the close back rounded vowel // is written differently depending on the syllable. If the vowel occurs in the Ultima (disambiguation) of the morpheme, it is written o; elsewhere, u.

'''Example:''' Root: '''luto''' ''cook'' '''agluto''' ''to cook'' '''lutuen''' ''to cook (something)''

Instances such as masapulmonto, You will manage to find it, to need it, are still consistent. Note that masapulmonto is, in fact, three morphemes: masapul (verb base) , mo (pronoun) and (n)to (future particle). An exception to this rule, however, is laud , west. Also, u in final stressed syllables can be pronounced , like for danum (water).

That said, the two vowels are not highly differentiated in native words, due to fact that // was an allophone of // in the history of the language. In words of foreign origin, notably Spanish, they are phonemic.

'''Example:''' '''uso''' ''use'' '''oso''' ''bear''

Unlike u and o, i and e are not allophones, but i in final stressed syllables in words ending in consonants can be , like ubíng (child).

The two close vowels become Semivowels when followed by another vowel. The close back rounded vowel // becomes before another vowel. The close front unrounded vowel // and becomes the glide before another vowel.

'''Example:''' '''kuarta''' /kwar.ta/ ''money'' '''paria''' /par.ya/ ''bitter melon''

In addition, Dental consonant/alveolar consonant consonants become palatalized before //. (See #consonants below).

The letter e represent two vowels in the Southern dialect, // in words of foreign origin and // in native words, and only one in the Northern dialect, //.

{| class="wikitable" align="center" width="70%" style="text-align: center"|+caption|Realization of 'e'!Word||Gloss||Origin||Northern Dialect||Southern Dialect|-|keddeng|assign|Native|kd.d|kd.d|-|elepante|elephant|Spanish|ʔ.l.pan.t|ʔ.l.pan.t|}

Diphthongs Diphthongs are combination of a vowel and /i/ or /u/. In the orthography, the secondary vowels are written with their corresponding glide, y or w. Of all the possible combinations, only /ai/ or /ei/, /iu/, /ai/ and /ui/ occur. In the orthography, vowels in sequence such as uo and ai, do not coelesce into a diphthong, rather, they are pronounced with an intervening glottal stop, for example, buok hair // and dait sew //.

{|class="wikitable" align="center"|+caption|Diphthongs!Diphthong||Orthography||Example|-|style="text-align:center"|/au/|style="text-align:center"|aw|kabaw "senile"|-|style="text-align:center"|/iu/|style="text-align:center"|iw|iliw "home sick"|-|style="text-align:center"|/ai/|style="text-align:center"|ay|maysa "one"|-|style="text-align:center"|/ei/The diphthong /ei/ is a variant of /ai/.|style="text-align:center"|ey|idiey "there" (Regional variant. Standard: "idiay")|-|style="text-align:center"|/oi/, /ui/The distinction between /o/ and /u/ is minimal.|style="text-align:center"|oy, uy|baboy "pig"|}

Consonants

{|class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center" width="75%"|-|colspan=2||Bilabial consonant|Dental consonant /
Alveolar consonant|Palatal consonant|Velar consonant|Glottal consonant|-|rowspan=2 | Stop consonant|Voiceless|p|t||k| - Words that begin with a vowel begin with a glottal stop. This is not shown in the orthography. When it occurs within a word, a hyphen is used to represent it, for example lab-ay .|-|Voiced|b|d||g||-| rowspan=2 | Affricate consonant|Voiceless|||(ts, tiV) Letters in parentheses are orthographic conventions that are used.|||-|Voiced|||(diV) |||-| colspan=2 | Fricative consonant||s|(siV) ||h|-| colspan=2 | Nasal consonant|m|n|(niV) |ng ||-| colspan=2 | Lateral consonant||l|(liV) |||-| colspan=2 | Flap consonant||r ||||-|colspan=2|Trills||rr ||||-| colspan=2 | Semivowels|(w, CuV) w||(y, CiV) |||}

All consonantal phonemes may be the syllable onset or coda. Exceptions are /h/ and . The phoneme /h/ is loaned and rarely occurs in coda position. Although, the Spanish word, reloj, clock, would come into Ilokano as */re.loh/, the final /h/ is dropped resulting in /re.lo/. However, this word may have entered the Ilokano lexicon at early enough a time that the word was still pronounced , with the j pronounced as in French phonology, resulting in /re.los/ in Ilokano. Both, /re.lo/ and /re.los/ occur.

The glottal stop is not permissible as coda; it can only occur as onset. Even as an oset, the glottal stop disappears in affixation. Take for example the root aramat, use. When prefixed with ag-, the expected form is *ag-aramat /..ra.mat/. But, the actual form is, in fact, agaramat /.ga.ra.mat/; the glottal stop disappears. In a reduplicated form, the glottal stop returns and participates in the template, CVC, agar-aramat /.gar..ra.mat/.

Stops are pronounced without aspiration. When they occur as coda, they are not released, for example, sungbat answer, response.

Ilocano is one of the Philippine languages which is excluded from - allophone, as /r/ in many cases is derived from a Proto-Austonesian */G/, compare dugo (Tagalog) and dara (Ilokano) blood.

Grammar Ilokano employs a predicate-initial structure. Verbs and adjectives occur in the first position of the sentence, then the rest of the sentence follows.

Ilokano uses a highly complex list of affixes (prefixes, suffixes, infixes and enclitics) and reduplications to indicate a wide array of grammatical categories. Learning simple root words and corresponding affixes goes a long way in forming cohesive sentences.

Lexicon Borrowings Ilokano's vocabulary has a closer affinity to languages from Borneo. Foreign accretion comes largely from Spanish language, followed by English language and smatterings of Hokkien (Min Nan), Arabic language and Sanskrit.

{]) || spirit|-| Sanglay || Hokkien ||to deliver goods|| to deliver/Chinese merchant|-| agbuldos || English ||to bulldoze || to bulldoze|-| kuarta || Spanish ||cuarta ("quarter", a kind of copper coin) || money|-| kumusta || Spanish|| greeting: ¿Cómo está? ("How are you?") || how are you|}

Common expressions {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"! Enlish Language !! Ilocano Language|-| Yes || Wen|-| No || Saan or Haan|-| How are you? || Kumusta ka?|-| Good day || Naimbag nga aldaw|-| Good morning || Naimbag a bigat|-| Good afternoon || Naimbag a malem|-| Good evening || Naimbag a rabii|-| What is your name? || Ania ti naganmo? (often contracted to Aniat' naganmo?)|-| Where's the bathroom? || Ayanna ti banio?|-| I cannot understand || Diak matarusan|-| I love you || Ay-ayatenka or Ipatpategka|-| Sorry || Pakawan or Dispensar|-| Goodbye || Agpakadaakon or Kastan/Kasta pay (Till then) or Sige (Okay) or Innakon (I'm going)|}

Numbers (Bilang), Days, Months {| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"|+ Numbers|-| 0 || ibbong OR awan OR sero (English zero) OR itlog (Ilokano slang, "egg")|-| 0.25 (1/4) || kakappat|-| 0.50 (1/2) || kagudua|-| 1 || maysa|-| 2 || dua|-| 3 || tallo|-| 4 || uppat|-| 5 || lima|-| 6 || innem|-| 7 || pito|-| 8 || walo|-| 9 || siam|-| 10 || sangapulo|-| 11 || sangapulo ket maysa|-| 20 || duapulo|-| 50 || limapulo|-| 100 || sangagasut|-| 1000 || sangaribo|-| 1000000 || sangariwriw|-| 1000000000 || sangabilion (English, billion)|}

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"|+ Days of the Week|-| Monday || Lunes|-| Tuesday || Martes|-| Wednesday || Mierkoles|-| Thursday || Huebes|-| Friday || Biernes|-| Saturday || Sabado|-| Sunday || Domingo|}Days are of Spanish origin.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"|+ Months|-| January || Enero ||    || July || Hulio|-| February || Pebrero || || August || Agosto|-| March || Marso || || September || Septiembre|-| April || Abril || || October || Oktubre|-| May || Mayo || || November || Nobiembre|-| June || Hunio || || December || Disiembre|}Months are of Spanish origin.

{| class="wikitable" style="margin:auto:" align="center" style="text-align:center"|+ Units of time|-| second || kanito OR segundo|-| minute || minuto OR daras|-| day || aldaw|-| week || lawas OR domingo|-| month || bulan|-| year || tawen OR anio|}

To mention time, Ilokanos use a mixture of Spanish and Ilokano:

1:00 a.m. A la una iti bigat (One in the morning) 2:30 p.m. A las dos imedia iti malem (in Spanish, Son las dos y media de la tarde or "half past two in the afternoon")

Ilokano uses a mixture of ilokano and Spanish numbers. Traditionally ilokano numbers are used for quantities and Spanish numbers for time of days and references.Examples:

Spanish:Mano ti tawenmo? Beintiuno.How old are you? Twenty one.

Luktanyo dagiti Bibliayo iti libro ni Juan capitulo tres bersikolo diesiseis.Open your Bibles to the book of John chapter three verse sixteen.

Ilokano:Mano a kilo a bagas ti kayatmo? Sangapulo laeng.How many kilos of rice do you want? Ten only.

Adda dua nga ikan kenkuana.He has two fish.

More Ilokano words

See also

Notes

External links







 
Copyright © 2008 opini8.com - All rights reserved.
Home | Terms of Use | Privacy Policy
All Trademarks belong to their repective owners.
Many aspects of this page are used under
commercial commons license from Yahoo!